BICTE Frist semester (IIT) Note and Computer Basic information
Chapter -1:
Computer Fundamentals, Office System and Email & Internet
Part 1. Computer: Introduction, Hardware, Software;
1.1
Introduction to computer:
• Definition of Computer.
•Functions
of Computer.
• Feature / Characteristics of Computer.
•Applications of Computer.
•
Parts(Components) of Computer.
• Language of Computer, etc.
•History of Computer
·
Definition of Computer :
• A computer is an electronic data processing
device, which accepts and stores Data and instructions as an input, processes
the data input, and generates The output in a required format.
Some
Facts Related To Computer
✓ The term “computer”
is derived from the Latin word “computare” which Means to calculate.
✓ In Nepal Computer is known Father-Charles
Babbage
✓ The Father of computer is Charles Babbage.
✓ A computer
is a programmable electronic device.
✓ Computer cannot do anything without a Program.
✓ The basic architecture of Computer is developed by:
John Von Neumann.
•Father in computer field
Father of computer Charles Babbage
Father of Modern Computer Alan Turing
Father of Computer Science Alan Turing
Father of Personal Computer Henry Edward Roberts
Father of Mini Computer
Kenneth H. Olsen
• Functions of Computer:
•Input data and instructions.
•Processing.
•Output data or information.
•Storing data or information.
1.1..1 Characteristics of Computer:
1. Speed:
•As you know computer can work very fast.
• It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete.
Note:
• 1millisecond = 10-3 or 1/1000 seconds
• 1 microsecond = 10-6 or 1/1000000 seconds
• 1 nanosecond = 10-9 or 1/1000000000 seconds
• 1 picosecond = 10-12 or 1/1000000000000 seconds.
2. Accuracy:
•The degree of accuracy of computer is very high.
• The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate data.
• Computer Follows GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) Mechanism.
3.Diligence:
• A computer is free from tiredness.
• It can work for hours without creating any error.
4.Versatility:
• It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work.
5. Automation:
• Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks
without manual intervention.
6.No IQ and No Feelings:
• Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction
from the user.
• It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience.
History of Computer in Nepal:
Date Events
2018 B.S Facit Calculator
•It is used for census.
2028 B.S. IBM 1401
• It is the first computer brought to Nepal.
•It is second generation mainframe computer.
•It is used for census.
2031 B.S NCC established
• NCC stands for National Computer Center
2038 B.S ICL 2950/10
•This is the second computer brought to nepal .
•It is thir generation computer.
• It is used for census .
Generation of Computer:
✓Generations of computers are characterized by a major technological development that Fundamentally changed the way computers operate.
✓ Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.
✓ There are five computer generations known till date. And they are:
1. First Generation
2. Second Generation
3. Third Generation
4. Fourth Generation
5. Fifth Generation
First Generation of Computer:
•Time Period: 1946 -1959 or 1940-1956
• Main Component ( Sometimes called: Basic Component or Technology Used or Processor): Vacuum tubes (Almost 18000 vacuum tubes were Used) .
• Primary Memory: Magnetic core memory
•Secondary Memory: Magnetic Drum, Magnetic Tape.
• Storage Capacity: Small (bytes/ Kilobytes).
• Operating System: Batch Processing OS.
• Processing(Operating) Speed: Very slow (Millisecond range) .
• Programming language: Machine Level Language (MLL).
• (Device): Punch card, Paper tape, Magnetic Tape.
• Output (Device): Printing device.
• Size: Enormous/Huge, taking up entire room.(32 tons).
•Heat Production: Maximum (additional cooling devices required).
• Cost: Very expensive.
• Use: Simple mathematical calculation.
Examples: UNIVAC, ENIAC, EDVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650
• The UNIVAC was the first commercial Computer.Delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau In 1951.
Second Generation of Computer:
✓ Time Period: 1959-1965 or 1956-1963
✓ Main Component: Transistor
✓Primary Memory: Magnetic core memory Secondary Memory(storage): Magnetic Tape, Magnetic drum.
✓Storage Capacity: Higher than first generation
✓Operating System: Batch Processing
✓Processing(Operating) Speed: Micro second
✓Programming language: Assembly language, MLL
✓Input (Device): Punch card
✓Output (Device): Printers
✓Size: Smaller than first generation
✓Heat Production: less
✓Cost: Very expensive
✓Use: Complex scientific calculation, population census etc.
✓Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 1400 .
Third Generation of Computer:
•Time Period: 1965-1971 or 1964-1971
• Main Component: IC (Integrated Circuit)
•Primary Memory: Semiconductor memory (silicon)
•Secondary Memory: Magnetic tape, magnetic disk like: floppy disks, hard Disk, etc
•Storage Capacity: Higher than Previous generation
•Operating System: Multiprogramming
•Processing(Operating) Speed: Higher than Previous generation- Nano second
•Programming language: HLL like: FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCSL, C, C++ etc.
•Input (Device): Keyboard
•Output (Device): Monitor
•Size: Medium
•Heat Production: less
•Cost: expensive
•Use: Bank, Insurance company, population census etc.
Examples: Mimi computer were developed in this generation. IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-8.
Fourth Generation of Computer:
Time Period: 1971-1980 or 1971- Present
Main Component: VLI / Microprocessor
Primary Memory: RAM and ROM
Secondary Memory: HDD, SSD
Storage Capacity: GB, TB
Operating System: Windows, MacOS
Processing(Operating) Speed: Nano Second
Programming language: HLL like: JAVA, C++
Input (Device): Light pen, touchpad etc.
Output (Device): Projector, Monitor, etc.
Size: Small
Heat Production: Very less
Cost: Cheap
Use: Almost everywhere: House, School, etc.
Examples: Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop
Fifth Generation of Computer:
Time Period: 1980-Present-onwards
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, Some More Features of 5th Generation Computer are:
•Parallel Processing.
•Bio-chip
•Natural Language Processing
• Quantum Computing
•Nanotechnology
• Voice Recognition. By Nabin
Types of Computer:
Computer Types can be classified in following basis:
On the basis of Working Principles:
1.Analog computer
•The analogue computer works on a Continuous signal.
•The output is a voltage signal, they are Not exact values and are in graphical
Form.
•Analogue computers are a bit difficult to Use.
•The analogue computers measure the Analogue quantities like voltage.,Temperature, etc.
2.Digital computer
• The digital computer works on a discrete Signal. This signal has two states, on or Off.
•The outputs are in numbers, exact Values are seen on displays.
• Digital computers are quite easy to use.
•The digital computers calculate Mathematical operations, complex Calculations, media streaming, etc.
3.Hybrid computer
•Hybrid = Analog + Digital
• A hybrid computer is a type of computer .That offers the functionalities of both a Digital and an analog computer.
On the basis of Size:
4.Super computer
•The largest computers are Super Computers.
•They are the most powerful,
•The most expensive, and the Fastest.
•They are capable of Processing trillions of Instructions per second.
5.Mainframe computer
•Large computers are called Mainframes
• They are very expensive Than microcomputer and Mini computer.
•Mainframes are designed for Multiple users and process Vast amounts of data Quickly.
• Uses in: Banks, insurance Companies, manufacturers, Mail-order companies, and
Airlines are typical users.
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